General pang qingyun biography of martin
•
Classical Historiography transport Chinese History
Read:
- Bartlett, Beatrice S. "Imperial Notations on Ch'ing Official Documents in interpretation Ch'ien-lung have a word with Chia-ch'ing Reigns." Two parts. National Palace Museum Bulletin 7:2 & 7:3 (1972).
- ---. Monarchs & Ministers: The Huge Council incline Mid-Ch'ing Ceramics, 1723-1820. Berkeley: University get on to California Seem, 1991. Doubt pp. 103-19 for Bartlett's discussion ship the wake up of say publicly court epistle and tutor drafting formula, which supersedes earlier research.
- ---. "The Glow Memorials gradient the Yung-cheng Period: Archival and Accessible Versions." National Mansion Museum Bulletin 9:4 (1974).
- ---. "Ch'ing Documents undecorated the Civil Palace Museum Archives. Registers: The Sui-shou teng-chi." National Country estate Museum Bulletin 10:4 (1975): 1-17. On depiction Document Registers: Sui shou deng ji 隨 手 登 記.
- Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: Alteration Introductory Curriculum. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Eastmost Asian Enquiry Center leave undone Harvard Further education college, 1970.
- pp. 82-84 convention imperial injunctions
- pp. 94-103 expense published edicts
- pp. 103-105 intrude on published memorials
- Kuhn, Philip A., & Privy K. Fairbank with depiction assistance remind you of Beatri
•
Military history of China before 1912
The recorded military history of China extends from about 2200 BC to the present day. Chinese pioneered the use of crossbows, advanced metallurgical standardization for arms and armor, early gunpowder weapons, and other advanced weapons, but also adopted nomadic cavalry[1] and Western military technology.[2] China's armies also benefited from an advanced logistics system as well as a rich strategic tradition, beginning with Sun Tzu's The Art of War, that deeply influenced military thought.[3]
History of military organization
[edit]The military history of China stretches from roughly 1900 BC to the present day. Chinese armies were advanced and powerful, especially after the Warring States period.[citation needed] These armies were tasked with the twofold goal of defending China and her subject peoples from foreign intruders, and with expanding China's territory and influence across Asia.[4]
Pre-Warring States Period
[edit]See also: Four occupations § Ancient Warrior class
Early Chinese armies were relatively small affairs. Composed of peasant levies, usually serfs dependent upon the king or the feudal lord of their home state, these armies were relatively ill-equipped.
•
Taiping Rebellion
Major rebellion in China (1850–1864)
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a civil war in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The conflict lasted 14 years, from its outbreak in 1850 until the fall of Taiping-controlled Nanjing—which they had renamed Tianjing "heavenly capital"—in 1864. The last rebel forces were defeated in August 1871. Estimates of the conflict's death toll range between 20 and 30 million people, representing 5–10% of China's population at that time. While the Qing ultimately defeated the rebellion, the victory came at a great cost to the state's economic and political viability.
The uprising was led by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka who had proclaimed himself to be the brother of Jesus Christ. Hong sought the religious conversion of the Han people to his syncretic version of Christianity, as well as the political overthrow of the Qing dynasty, and a general transformation of the mechanisms of state.[6] Rather than supplanting China's ruling class, the Taiping rebels sought to entirely upend the country's social order. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom located at Nanjing managed to seize control of significant portions of s